IINDABA ZE-OLINK ZOBUchwephesha---- YINTONI I-WIRING HARNESS?
Iintambo zokubopha ziindibano ezineengcingo ezininzi eziye zanqunyulwa okanye zibotshwe kunye.Ezi ndibano ziququzelela ukufakwa ngexesha lokuvelisa isithuthi.Kananjalo zenzelwe ukusebenzisa indawo encinci ngaphakathi kwemoto, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwingcingo, kunye nokubonelela ngamanqaku okunamathisela okukhuselekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kunceda ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yokungcangcazela, ukubetha kunye nezinye iingozi.
EZINGAPHI IZIHAMBI NGESIQHELO?
Iimoto kunye neelori zineentambo ezahlukileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezikwibhodi, kubandakanywa: ibhetri kunye nombane, iiseti zomlilo, ikholomu yokulawula, ulawulo lokuhamba ngenqanawa, i-anti-lock braking, isalathisi (ideshibhodi) iqoqo, ukukhanya kwangaphakathi, ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi kunye nokhuseleko, ngaphambili- izibane zokuphela, izibane zangasemva, iingcango (izitshixo kunye nokulawula iifestile), i-trailer-hitch wiring, kwaye ngoku kutshanje, iinkqubo zekhamera yangemva, i-mobile and bluetooth connections, kunye ne-GPS okanye i-satellite navigation systems.Olunye uqikelelo, olubalelwa kwinkampani yokuvavanya iintambo iCirris Systems kwimagazini yeNdibano, kukuba umyinge wenani leentambo kwisithuthi ngasinye ngama-20.
ISIXA SOcingo kunye nokupheliswa
Imoto ecwengileyo okanye i-“C-class” inocingo oluyi-1.2 km kuyo, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-90% yale mitha yi-0.5 mm ububanzi, okanye ngaphezulu, ngokwenkcazo-ntetho ye-CRU’s 2012 Wire and Cable Conference kaFrancois Schoeffler waseAcome.Iklasi edibeneyo inomlinganiselo omkhulu kunawo onke amacandelo.Ngo-2013, abenzi beemoto bavelise iimoto ezixineneyo ezizizigidi ezingama-26 – i-30% yemoto yonyaka kunye nemveliso yelori ezikhaphukhaphu.Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 zeekhilomitha zocingo olugqunyiweyo lwasetyenziselwa iimoto ezixineneyo kulo nyaka uphelileyo.
Umenzi wemoto waseJamani iBMW ithi iinkqubo zamandla kwiimodeli zayo ezinkulu zinokuba neekhilomitha ezi-3 zeentambo kunye neenkqubo zeentambo ezinobunzima obufikelela kuma-60 kg.Kwintetho ye-2013 ye-Electrical Wire Processing Technology Expo, uDkt. Don Price, igosa kunye ne-Ford Motor Co. kunye ne-US Council for Automotive Research, yaphawula ukuba kukho i-1,000 "i-cut lead" (iintambo zocingo) ngesithuthi ngasinye kwi-wiring. iintambo zokubopha.
UKUHLANGANISA KWEZIHAMBI
Ukongeza kwinani elikhulu lokupheliswa, abaqulunqi beentambo kufuneka bajongane noluhlu olubanzi lweemfuno zobukhulu bocingo, ukuthembeka kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokufakelwa lula, lonke eli xesha kuncitshiswa ubungakanani bentambo ngokubanzi, ubunzima, kunye neendleko.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iintambo zenzelwe imodeli okanye amaqonga athile.Ewe kunjalo, uninzi lweemodeli zeemoto zinokuodolwa ngeempawu ozikhethelayo, okanye umxube weesethi zeempawu.Oku kongeza elinye inqanaba lokuntsokotha kwiplanti yokudityaniswa - ukugcina, ukulawula, kunye nokufakela iiseti zeentambo ezahlukeneyo ezintsonkothileyo.Ke, iiharnesses nazo ziyilelwe ukwenza lula ukuphatha-phatha ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlanganisa.
Ngamanye amaxesha imisebenzi emininzi idityaniswa kunye, kunye nabaqulunqi beentambo banikezela ngentambo yomzimba oyintloko, okanye ezinye iindibano ezintsonkothileyo ezineentambo ezininzi eziteyithiweyo okanye zisongelwe kunye.Imizekelo ibandakanya iintambo zokubopha iingcango okanye iintambo zokubopha ngaphambili ezisetyenziswa ziinkampani ezithile.
IIMFUNO ZOKUTHEMBEKA KAKHULU
Ezinye iintambo kwizithuthi zixhasa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko.Umzekelo, iingcingo zokuqhuba, iziqhoboshi, kunye nolawulo lwe-injini kufuneka zifezekise iimfuno ezingqongqo zokuthembeka, kubandakanywa iinkcukacha zoluhlu lobushushu, ukungcangcazela, kunye nomhlwa.Ezi mfuno zichaphazela abaqhubi, ukupheliswa, kunye nemathiriyeli yejacket.Iimoto nazo zinokuba neziqhagamshelo ezingama-30 kwiinkqubo ezilawula ii-airbags, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nezinye izithintelo zokhuseleko.
ZENZIWA NJANI IZIHAMBI?
Ukuveliswa kweentambo kubandakanya ezi zixhobo zilandelayo kunye neenkqubo:
- ukusika ucingo olugqunyiweyo ukuya kubude obuchaziweyo
- ukukhulula i-insulation ekupheleni
- ukunyusa ukupheliswa, iiplagi, okanye iiheader
- ukubeka ubude bekhebula ephelisiwe ebhodini okanye isakhelo
- ukuqhoboshela iintambo, iikliphu, okanye iteyiphu ukubopha ubude bentambo kunye kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo
- ukufaka iityhubhu, imikhono, okanye iteyiphu ukukhusela, ukomelela, kunye nobungqongqo
- uvavanyo kunye nezatifikethi
Kulo luhlu, inkqubo yesithathu, ukunyusa iziphelo, inamanyathelo amaninzi kunye nokwahluka kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomqhubi kunye nohlobo lokudibanisa.Ukusetyenzwa kokupheliswa kunokubandakanya unyango olwahlukileyo lomphezulu kubaqhubi, ukuqhobosha, ukudityaniswa, kunye nokutywinwa, kunye nokuncamathisela iibhutsi ezahlukeneyo, iikliphu, izinto zokuhombisa, okanye izindlu.
UKUQHUBEKA NGENCWADI AKUNAKUNZEKELEKILEYO
Oomatshini banokuziphumeza ngokufanelekileyo ezinye zeenkqubo zokubopha ezidweliswe ngasentla, njengokusika, ukuhluba, kunye nokukrwempa.Kungenjalo, kukho umsebenzi omninzi obandakanyekayo ekubekeni iintambo kunye nokuncamathelisa ihardware.AbakwaBMW banikezela ngolu qwalaselo lulandelayo kwinkcazo yeentambo zokubopha ezimotweni zabo: “Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwazo okuphezulu, iintambo zokubopha iintambo zenziwa kuphela ngenkqubo yomatshini ngemitsi emincinane kakhulu.Malunga ne-95% yemveliso yenziwa ngesandla kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziibhodi zoyilo. "
URHWEBO LWAMAZWE NGAMAZWE NGEENXA YOKUFAKA iintambo
Ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi beyinxalenye enkulu yeendleko zabo zemveliso, abavelisi beentambo baye bakha imizi-mveliso emitsha kumazwe anamazinga aphantsi abasebenzi.Abavelisi bakha iifektri ezintsha njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zokwandisa okanye njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zokutshintshela imveliso kwiimarike ezinexabiso eliphantsi.Kwezinye iimeko, imfuno yeefektri ezintsha idibaniswa neemodeli zemoto entsha okanye izityalo ezintsha zokuhlanganisa imoto.
I-MEXICO IKHOKHELA KWIHARNESS EZITHUNYELWAYO
Ngokweenkcukacha zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe ali-11 athumele ngaphandle ngaphezulu kwe-US$1 yebhiliyoni yeentambo zokubopha iintambo ngo-2013. Ukuthengiswa kwempahla yaseMexico kumazwe angaphandle ibiyeyona inkulu, kwi-US$6.5 yebhiliyoni.I-China ibikwindawo yesibini, ine-US$3.2 yeebhiliyoni, ilandelwa yiRomania, iVietnam, i-US, iMorocco, iPhilippines, iJamani, iPoland, iNicaragua, neTunisia.Aba bathengisi bangaphandle baphezulu babonisa indima yeMpuma Yurophu, uMntla Afrika, kunye noMzantsi-mpuma Asia kwimveliso yeentambo zehlabathi.Nangona iJamani ingeyiyo intengiso yeendleko eziphantsi, uninzi lweenkampani ezinkulu zokubopha zinekomkhulu, iilebhu zoyilo kunye novavanyo, kunye namaziko olungiselelo eJamani.(Isilayidi 7)
INDIMA YEENTENGISO EZISAPHUMAYO
Ngo-2003 ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwee-harness zehlabathi kuphelele kwi-14.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, kunye ne-5.4 yeedola zaseMelika ezithengiswe kumazwe angaphandle kudidi lwentengiso ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye ne-US$9.1 yebhiliyoni ethunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle evela kwiimarike ezikhulayo.Ngo-2013, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweentambo zehlabathi kunyuke nge-CAGR ye-9% ukuya kwi-US$34.3 yeebhiliyoni.Iimalike ezisahlumayo zibalele kuninzi loku kukhula, kunye nokuthengiswa kwazo kumazwe angaphandle kunyuke nge-CAGR ye-11% ukuya kwi-US$26.7 yeebhiliyoni.Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ukusuka kwiimarike eziphucukileyo kunyuke nge-CAGR ye-4% ukuya kwi-US$7.6 yeebhiliyoni.
UKUKHULA KWEENKQUBO ZOKUTHUNYELWA KWEZINXENYE
Ukongeza kumazwe ali-11 ngo-2013 athumela izithuthi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezingaphezu kwebhiliyoni e-1 yeedola zaseMelika, bekukho amazwe angama-26 athumela ngaphandle phakathi kwe-US$100 yezigidi kunye ne-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kunye namanye amazwe angama-20 athumela ngaphandle phakathi kwe-US$10 yezigidi kunye ne-100 lezigidi zeedola.Ngoko ke, amazwe angama-57 athathe inxaxheba ekuthumeleni impahla ngaphandle kwe-US $34 yebhiliyoni.
IIMAKEKETHO EZENTSHA ZEZIHAMBI
Amanye amazwe aneemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle phakathi kwe-US$ 10 yezigidi kunye ne-100 lezigidi zeedola zaseMelika ezisanda kufika kolu shishino – ukuveliswa kweentsimbi kuqalile kule minyaka mibini okanye mithathu idlulileyo kwaye ikhula ngokumandla.ICambodia, umzekelo, yayingenayo i-zero ngaphandle kwe-2012, xa i-Yazaki kunye ne-Sumitomo Wiring Systems ziseka iifektri ze-harness apho.Umzi-mveliso kaYazaki wavulwa ekupheleni konyaka.Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweKhambodiya kwaba yi-US$17 yezigidi ngo-2012 kunye ne-US $74 yezigidi ngo-2013, nto leyo inyuka ngama-334% unyaka nonyaka.Kwakhona abakwaFord Motors bavule indawo entsha yeendibano eKhambodiya ngo-2013.
Omnye umntu omtsha yiParaguay.I-Fujikura ivule iplanti yokubopha iintambo phaya ngo-Okthobha ka-2011 kwaye yandisa imisebenzi ngesityalo sesibini ngoSeptemba 2013. IParaguay ikwaneziko elitsha lokudityaniswa kwemoto-ishishini elidibeneyo le-Dongfeng kunye ne-Nissan elaqala ukusebenza ngo-2011. Ezinye iimarike ezibonisa ukunyuka okukhulu Izixhobo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziquka iCosta Rica, El Salvador, Egypt, Macedonia, Moldova, kunye neSerbia.
UKUTHUNYELWA KWAMANYE AMAZWE MALUNGA ne-75% YEYONKE EMAKETHINI
Idatha yorhwebo iluncedo ekuboniseni indima yeemalike zemisebenzi ephantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi kushishino lwehlabathi lokurhweba ngeentambo, kodwa abenzi beemoto abaninzi basebenzisa iintambo zokubopha ezenziwe kwilizwe elinye.Umzekelo, idatha yorhwebo ibonisa uthunyelo oluqinileyo olusuka e-China, e-Indiya, e-Indonesia, e-Mexico, e-Morocco, nakwamanye amazwe anemizi-mveliso yokuhlanganisa iimoto neelori.I-CRU iqikelela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweentambo zeentambo zizonke ngo-2013 zazingama-43 eebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, kubandakanywa iintambo zasekhaya neziphuma kumazwe angaphandle.
IXABISO LOKUHAMBISA NGESIQHELO NGASINYE
Idatha kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe iyafumaneka ngokwexabiso (US$) kunye nobunzima (kg).Amazwe afana neArgentina, iCanada, i-Itali, iSweden, kunye ne-UK anezityalo zokudityaniswa kweemoto okanye iilori kodwa azikho iifektri zokubopha.Kumazwe anjalo, idatha yokurhweba kumazwe angaphandle inokwahlulwa ngenani lezithuthi eziveliswayo ukufumana ixabiso eliphakathi kunye nobunzima beentambo zokubopha isithuthi ngasinye.Iziphumo zibonisa uluhlu phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo, ebonisa umxube wobungakanani bezithuthi ezahlukeneyo kunye nexabiso (uphawu) iiklasi ezenziwe kwilizwe ngalinye.
Ngo-2013, umzekelo, ixabiso le-harness ngesithuthi ngasinye lisusela kwi-US$300 ye-Argentina ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-US$700 kwezinye iimarike zase-W. Europe.Umahluko unxulunyaniswa neemodeli zeemoto eziveliswayo, amazwe afana neJamani, iSweden, kunye ne-UK anepesenti ephezulu yezithuthi zodidi oluphezulu.Umndilili wexabiso lokubopha ngesithuthi ngasinye e-Italiya yayiyi-US$407, kwaye umxube we-Italiya wezithuthi ezincinci, eziphakathi, kunye nezikhulu ziyafana nomxube wehlabathi lilonke.
IINDLEKO ZOKUHAMBISA IZIXHOBO ZOKUSEBENZA ZEMOTO ZIYANYUKA
Ithathela ingqalelo umxube weentlobo zezithuthi kunye nokwahluka okubanzi kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iCRU iqikelele umndilili wexabiso leentsimbi kwihlabathi jikelele malunga ne-US$500 ngo-2013. Eli xabiso linyuke nge-CAGR ye-10% ukusuka kwi-$200 ngo-2003. kuphawulwe ngaphambili, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso obhedu kwenze igalelo elincinci ekunyukeni kweendleko ze-harness, kodwa eyona nto iphambili ibe kukunyuka kwenani lokupheliswa kwesithuthi ngasinye.
IDATHA YOKUHLANGANISA NGETONNES
Isebenzisa idatha yokurhweba malunga nokungeniswa kwe-harness kwiitoni, i-CRU iqikelele i-avareji yeekhilogram zocingo kwisithuthi ngasinye kwiimoto kunye neelori ezilula eziveliswe kwihlabathi jikelele kwi-2013 ukuya kwi-23 kg.Amanani ngokwelizwe asusela ngaphantsi kwe-10 kg ngesithuthi ngasinye kwezinye iimarike ezisakhasayo ezinepesenti ephezulu yemodeli esisiseko okanye ephantsi, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25 kg ngesithuthi ngasinye kwezinye iimarike eziphambili ezineemoto ezinkulu nezikudidi oluphezulu.
I-Avareji ye-HARNESS WIGHT NGESITHUTHI NGAsinye
Umyinge wawuyi-13 kg ngesithuthi ngasinye e-Argentina, i-18 kg e-Italy, i-20 kg e-Japan, kunye ne-25 kg e-UK.Kwakhona, nangona uluhlu phakathi kweeklasi zezithuthi kunye namazwe, kukho intsingiselo ecacileyo kwi-kg ephezulu kwisithuthi ngasinye kuwo onke amazwe ukusuka kwi-2003 ukuya ku-2013. Umyinge wehlabathi wawuyi-13.5 kg ngemoto nganye ngo-2003, 16.6 ngo-2008, kunye ne-23.4 ngo-2013. ubunzima bokubopha ngesithuthi ngasinye bubandakanya ubunzima beingcingo ezigqunyiweyo, ukupheliswa, iiclamps, iikliphu, iintambo zentambo, iityhubhu ezikhuselayo, imikhono kunye neteyiphu.Ubungakanani be-conductor bunokuvela kwi-0.5 mm2 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-2.0 mm2, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo.
NGUBANI OWENZA IZIHAMBI?
Ubuninzi beentambo zokubopha iintambo zemoto zenziwe ngabavelisi bezixhobo zemoto ezizimeleyo kunye neenkampani ezigxile kwiintambo zokubopha.Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, ezinye iifemu ezinkulu zeemoto bezineenkampani ezincedisa ukwenza iintambo, kodwa ezi ziye zabiwa, kwiimeko ezininzi kwiingcali ezinkulu zentambo.Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinkampani zokubopha zithengisela abenzi beemoto abaninzi.Inqanaba eliphezulu labenzi bokubopha libandakanya ezi nkampani zilandelayo (ngolandelelwano lwealfabhethi): i-Acome, i-Delphi, i-Draexlmaier, i-Fujikura, i-Furukawa Automotive Systems, i-Kromberg kunye ne-Schubert, i-Lear, i-Leoni, i-Sumitomo Wiring Systems, kunye ne-Yazaki.
Ezi nkampani zonke zineefektri zokubopha kwiindawo ezininzi.Ngokomzekelo, i-Yazaki, yayinabasebenzi be-236,000 kwiindawo ze-237 kumazwe angama-43 ukususela ngoJuni 2014. Ezi nkampani eziphezulu zineenkampani ezihlangeneyo kunye nabasebenzisana nabo kumazwe amaninzi.Ngamanye amaxesha ii-JVs okanye amahlakani anamagama eenkampani ahlukeneyo.Inqanaba lesibini labenzi be-auto harness libandakanya i-Idaco, iLorom, iLumen, i-MSSL (ishishini elidibeneyo le-Samvardhana Motherson Group kunye ne-Sumitomo Wiring Systems), i-Yura kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-23-2020